Melodiouspanpipesandkenaflutes.Theshimmeringstrumsofacharango.Poncho-cladmusiciansplaying“ElC籀ndorPasa“atsubwaystopsorstreetcornerswhilesellingtheirrecordings.Thesesoundsandimagesnodoubtcometomindformany“worldmusic“fanswhentheyrecalltheirearlyencounterswithAndeanmusicgroups.Ensemblesofthistype---knownas“Andeanconjuntos“or“pan-Andeanbands“--havelongformedpartoftheworldmusiccircuitintheGlobalNorth.InthemajorcitiesofLatinAmerica,too,Andeanconjuntoshavebeenpresentinthelocalmusicscenefordecades,notonlyinPeru,Bolivia,andEcuador(i.e.,intheAndeancountries),butalsoinArgentina,Chile,Colombia,andMexico.ItissolelyinBolivia,however,thattheAndeanconjuntohasrepresentedthepreeminentfolkloric-popularmusicensembleconfigurationforinterpretingnationalmusicalgenresfromthelate1960sonward.Despiteitsfrequentassociationwithindigenousvillages,themusicofAndeanconjuntosbearslittleresemblancetotheindigenousmusicalexpressionsoftheSouthernAndes.Createdbyurbancriolloandmestizofolkloricartists,theAndeanconjuntotraditionrepresentsaformofmass-mediatedfolkloricmusic,onethatisonlylooselybasedonindigenousmusicalpractices.Panpipes&Ponchosrevealsthatintheearly-to-mid20thcentury,adiverserangeofmusiciansandensembles,includingestudiantinas,femalevocalduos,bolerotrios,art-classicalcomposers,andmestizopanpipegroups,laidthegroundworkfortheAndeanconjuntoformattoeventuallytakerootintheBolivianfolkloresceneamidtheboomdecadeofthe1960s.AuthorFernandoRiosanalyzeslocalmusicaltrendsinconjunctionwithgovernmentinitiativesinnation-buildingandtheideologiesofindigenismoandmestizaje.Beyondthelocallevel,RiosalsoexamineskeydevelopmentsinBoliviannationalmusicalpracticesthroughtheirtransnationallinkswithtrendsinPeru,Argentina,Chile,Mexico,andFrance.Asthefirstbook-lengthstudythatchronicleshowBolivia’sfolkloricmusicmovementarticulated,ontheonehand,withBolivianstateprojects,andontheother,withtransnationalartisticcurrents,forthepivotaleraspanningthe1920sto1960s,Panpipes&PonchosoffersnewperspectivesontheAndeanconjunto’semergenceasBolivia’sfavoredensembleline-upinthefieldofnationalfolkloric-popularmusic.
